• br The Farnesoid X receptor FXR

  2021-11-16

  

  The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR): identification and ligands The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to a family of proteins called Nuclear Receptors (NRs). NRs are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors, which transactivate networks of target genes, thereby mediating a wide range of phys

• In addition to the type of

  2021-11-16

  

  In addition to the type of food consumed, also the effect of calorie restriction (CR), i.e. an intermittent fasting and re-feeding cycles with concomitant fluctuations in the level of glucose and insulin, can affect the course of IBS through the modulation of the BA homeostasis. This type of nutriti

• br Conclusion In summary a series of

  2021-11-16

  

  Conclusion In summary, a series of novel GPR40 agonists bearing phenylpropiolic ampk pathway motif with favorable metabolic stability were prepared and evaluated for their activities as GPR40 agonists. Among them, compound 9 was identified as a structurally distinct GPR40 agonist possessing pote

• Misoprostol br Multiple sclerosis MS is

  2021-11-16

  

  Multiple sclerosis MS is an immune-mediated disease of the human CNS with a pathological signature featuring immunocyte infiltration, altered cytokine production, oligodendroglial degeneration, astrogliosis, microglial activation, multifocal demyelination and axonal degeneration (Schipper, 2004b)

• HDAC enzymes oppose the effects of HATs

  2021-11-16

  

  HDAC enzymes oppose the effects of HATs by reversing lysine acetylation, an action that restores the positive charge of the lysine thus stabilizing the local chromatin structure. By removing acetyl groups from ε-amino lysines of proteins, HDACs not only alter transcription, but also promote either t

• There are five subfamilies of

  2021-11-15

  

  There are five subfamilies of P-type ATPases (I-V), which transport metal ions or phospholipids across membranes (Palmgren and Nissen, 2011). Although our studies indicate that the P-type ATPase domain is important for function, how it contributes to cGMP production is currently unknown. The P-type

• Our study expands our current knowledge

  2021-11-15

  

  Our study expands our current knowledge of Ras-like small GTPase molecules involved in TLR-mediated responses in macrophages. We found that steady-state levels of Rap2a mRNA and protein undergo alterations after stimuli with TLR agonists. Although statistically significant, the effect of LPS-induced

• TAPI-1 By regulation of synaptic glutamate concentration

  2021-11-15

  

  By regulation of synaptic glutamate concentration, glutamate transporters play an important role in limiting glutamate signaling and controlling the activation of glutamate receptors (Rimmele and Rosenberg, 2016). Reduced glutamate transport is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of numerous neurol

• In addition this study also showed no obvious increase in

  2021-11-15

  

  In addition, this study also showed no obvious increase in apoptosis but obvious increase in necrosis after WZB117 treatment. The possible reason is that apoptosis is an ATP-utilizing process which is an active and programmed form of cell death. In contrast, necrosis is an uncontrolled or pathologic

• Animal studies have shown that various antidepressant

  2021-11-15

  

  Animal studies have shown that various antidepressant treatment are capable of upregulating GR protein and mRNA in key SGC707 synthesis regions including the hippocampus and decreasing basal and/or stress-induced glucocorticoid secretion [37]. Changes in the level or function of GR regulate the neg

• Despite potent biological actions the native

  2021-11-15

  

  Despite potent biological actions, the native hormone undergoes degradation by the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) [17] and is rapidly cleared from the bloodstream by renal filtration [18]. One such approach to prolong the biological half-life of GIP is through conjugation with a polyethylene

• Forsythoside A In this study we describe the expression of g

  2021-11-15

  

  In this study, we describe the expression of galr2a and galr2b in zebrafish embryos using whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization. To further analyze the distribution of GALR2b and its interactions with galanin, we generated Tg(galr2b:egfp) zebrafish, which express EGFP under the control of a galr2b p

• br Results br Discussion The inflammasome consists of the

  2021-11-15

  

  Results Discussion The inflammasome consists of the sensor molecule nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), the adaptor protein ASC, and the get more information molecule CASP1 (Guo et al., 2015). Among the different types of inflammasome, the NLRP3 inflammasome require

• br STAR Methods br Acknowledgments We would

  2021-11-15

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments We would like to thank V. Gladyshev (Harvard), H. Kornblum (UCLA), L. Greene (Columbia), and J. Baraban (Johns Hopkins) for constructive comments to the project and manuscript. We thank L. Gross and A. Kumar for assistance with editing. We thank L.M. Gerber and Z.

• thymidylate synthase inhibitors br What are the local exocyt

  2021-11-15

  

  What are the local exocytotic protein targets of PKC? A direct method for PKC to potentiate insulin release would be to phosphorylate and activate components of the exocytotic machinery. Bulk measurements show that potentiation occurs by enhancement of the calcium sensitivity of exocytosis [56],

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